No conviene que hagas eso, el dispositivo SPI está a salvo porque solo atenderá las comunicaciones cuando actives su CS, pero el dispositivo I2C estará constantemente recibiendo datos incongruentes, que pueden "confundirlo".
Esta es la recomendación que hace Microchip al respecto:
You can have I2C and SPI connections to a PIC if the lines are not shared.If you share the bus lines with the I2C bus as with the SPI bus, then the I2C devices will become confused when you transmit SPI data. The SS line prevents the SPI devices from getting I2C data, but the I2C devices have no such protection. As long as one of these is done in software and the buses are not merged together, this sort of thing usually works fine.
Si no tienes más remedio que compartir el mismo puerto con SPI e I2C, puedes añadir un chip CP2120.